Preloading
As of PHP 7.4.0, PHP can be configured to preload scripts into the opcache when the engine
starts. Any functions, classes, interfaces, or traits (but not constants) in those files will then become
globally available for all requests without needing to be explicitly included. That trades
convenience and performance (because the code is always available) for baseline memory usage. It also
requires restarting the PHP process to clear pre-loaded scripts, meaning this feature is
only practical to use in production, not in a development environment.
Note that the optimal tradeoff between performance and memory may vary with the application.
"Preload everything" may be the easiest strategy, but not necessarily the best strategy. Additionally,
preloading is only useful when there is a persistent process from one request to another. That means
while it can work in a CLI script if the opcache is enabled, it's generally pointless. The exception
is when using preloading on FFI libraries.
Note:
Preloading is not supported on Windows.
Configuring preloading involves two steps, and requires that the opcache be enabled.
First, set the opcache.preload
value in php.ini:
preload.php is an arbitrary file that will run once at server startup
(PHP-FPM, mod_php, etc.) and load code into persistent memory. In servers that startup as
root before switching to an unprivileged system user, or if PHP will be run as root
(not recommended), the opcache.preload_user
value can specify the system user to run the preloading. Running preloading as root is not allowed
by default. Set opcache.preload_user=root
to explicitly allow it.
In the preload.php script, any file referenced by include,
include_once, require, require_once, or
opcache_compile_file() will be parsed into persistent memory. In the following example,
all .php files in the src directory will be preloaded, unless they
are a Test
file.
Both include and opcache_compile_file() will work, but have different
implications for how code gets handled.
- include will execute code in the file,
while opcache_compile_file() will not. That means only the former supports
conditional declaration (functions declared inside an if-block).
- Because include will execute code, nested included
files will also be parsed and their declarations preloaded.
- opcache_compile_file() can load files in any order. That is, if
a.php defines class
A
and b.php defines class
B
that extends A
, then opcache_compile_file() can
load those two files in any order. When using include, however, a.php
must be included first.
- In either case, if a later script includes a file that has already been preloaded then
its contents will still execute, but any symbols it defines will not be re-defined. Using
include_once will not prevent the file from being included a second time. It
may be necessary to load a file again in order to include global constants defined in it, as those are not
handled by preloading.
Which approach is better therefore depends on the desired behavior. With code that would otherwise use an
autoloader,
opcache_compile_file() allows for greater flexibility. With code that would
otherwise be loaded manually,
include will be more robust.